How Does Desire Disrupt the Representation of Unified...

How does desire disrupt the representation of unified identity in John Ford’s ‘Tis Pity She’s a Whore? Representations of sexuality in Early Modern literature reveal a variety of attitudes, but they can be characterised by the ambivalence which they display towards the subject of desire and its consequences for the self. The destructive potential of desire is revealed in John Ford’s Tis Pity She’s A Whore, widely considered to be one of the most radical works of Jacobean theatre, not only for its frank and nuanced portrayal of incest, but for its reworking of the theme of ill-fated love from Romeo and Juliet into a dark rumination on the fundamental incommunicability of desire and the impossibility of mutual understanding. Arguably†¦show more content†¦Her tut’ress Putana draws attention to her lack of agency in the matter, to her status as mere object in a society which valued economic necessity and kinship ties over affection: ‘you’ll be stolen away sleeping else shortly’ (I.2.70.). Annabella’s response: ‘such a life gives no content to me’ (I.2.71-2) indicates her wish to avoid this system entirely, which the prospect of a mutually loving relationship with Giovanni seems to offer. When Soranzo interrogates her on the father of her child, as Lisa Hopkins has pointed out, she compares her unborn child to the immaculate conception, and by inference herself to the Virgin Mary, describing Giovanni as ‘angel-like’ and worthy of ‘true worship’(IV.3.37-41)[10]. While she takes pleasure in teasing Soranzo here, her real intent is to express the communion which she feels in her relationship with Giovanni that the strictures of conventional marriage cannot offer. Susannah Mintz writes: ‘the fact that Annabella and Giovanni occupy unequal social positions...suggests that their motivations toward incest may also be different’[11]. The very different ways in which the two characters are constructed by society inescapably shapes their desire as much as their desire shapes them. Annabella’s expectations for her incestuous relationship are no more evident than in the moment, when, following a long period of separation,

Rights of Women and Children - 1162 Words

Mackenzie Dunham Dunham 1 2/12/13 Period 5 Rights of Women and Children Around the world, women and children aren’t able to have the same basic rights as men. Unfortunately, the problem of inequality is broader. Inequality is often extreme against women and is part of their daily lives. Inequality is often justified by men as part of their culture or religion. Women and children face brutal situations each day. Harsh acts like child labor, slavery, forced marriage, and prostitution are suffered by millions. Child labor is full-time employment of children who are under the minimum legal age. Throughout the world, an estimated number of 218 million children were working in 2006. Children are bought and sold, forced into prostitution or†¦show more content†¦Developed countries are countries that are fully developed. Developed countries are also affected by the problem of unequal rights. But these acts occur less than they do in developing countries. For example, child labor, prostitution, and other horrible acts occur in developed countries too. They might not be as horrible as they are in less developed countries because fully developed countries have better securities to stop the acts. But in most countries the economy is bad and it is getting harder to earn money or even have a job. This leads to families feeling like they have no other choice but to become a prostitute, or make their child work. The United Nations is working to stop the problem of unequal rights on women and children. UN-WOMEN (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women) works to support gender equality across a lot of issues related to human rights and human development. UNICEF (United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund) works to help build a world where the rights of every child are realized. Both organizations travel the world helping women and children. UNICEF helps by feeding children, giving children vaccinations, giving them an education, protect children from violence and other helpful acts. UN Women works with the government and non-governmental partners to help them get new policies, laws, services and resources to move towards equality. Bosnia is a developing countryShow MoreRelated Artificial Insemination and the Rights of Women, Men, and Children2434 Words   |  10 PagesWomen have adamantly battled for political and social reproductive rights since, in particular artificial insemination, have become mainstream phenomena in the recent decade with a focus on rights of women. In fact, doctors have experimented with the procedure for nearly a century. However, with the women ¹s liberation movement of the 1970s, physician-assisted and self-insemination has become more and more popular among heterosexual career women and lesbians. The Origins of Artificial InseminationRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not all claims to humanity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. In particular, it is still the case the world over that a woman’s reproductive rights, which impact on her right to life, are still seenRead MoreThe Incompatibilities Of Women . A Lot Of Things Have Changed1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe Incompatibilities of Women A lot of things have changed for women over the centuries in context of politics and family beliefs. There were many negative aspects on how women were viewed and treated in the nineteenth century. Several of these circumstances are addressed in an article printed by the Encyclopedia of the United States called â€Å"Women†. Although men would argue that their actions were fair and realistic because of the logic that men had successfully, physically and financially tookRead MoreEssay Reproductive Rights856 Words   |  4 PagesReproductive Rights Women’s reproductive rights are a global issue in today’s world. Women have to fight to have the right to regulate their own bodies and reproductive choices, although in some countries their voices are ignored. Abortion, sterilization, contraceptives, and family planning services all encompass this global issue of women’s reproductive rights. In India, women are being manipulated to stop having children after their second birth. Officials claim that by regulating populationRead MoreProstitution of Minors1435 Words   |  6 Pagesnotice because it may not concern us, and it is difficult to act when something does not affect us in any way. It affects you if you have children or nieces who are under age right now selling themselves to help out their families who are in need of money. What would you do right then to help them get out of that situation? Thats whats going on in Europe right now when you visit, is the same thing that is happening in Mexico. There are many young girls selling themselves because they have to workRead MoreProblems Facing Incarcerated Women Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesFor the past centuries, women have been fighting for their rights, from their right to vote to equal rights in the workplace. Women resistance is the act of opposing those in power, so women can have a voice in the world. Women in prison are often overlooked. In the 1970s, the women prisoners’ rights movement began, and it is still going on today. The number of incarcerated females is rapidly growing compared to men. According to Victoria Law, a prison rights activist, she stated that the percentageRead MoreWomen s Suffrage And The Suffrage Movement Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagesabout? The Women’s Suffrage Movement is about the struggle for women to have equal rights as men such as vote, and run for office.What about the leaders of the suffrage? The most well known women’s rights activists were Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth C. Stanton. Does anyone know what amendment gave women the right to vote? The nineteenth amendment. The nineteenth amendment to the United States forbids any US citizen to be denied the right to vote based on sex. Who knows one of the first bills ObamaRead MoreWhats going on in india?1397 Words   |  6 Pageshave our basic human rights violated. Nor will many of us every really understand. In India, their citizens are suffering from many different types of violations. For instance, people are being tortured. Women are being raped and single handedly being deprived of their rights. Many women are being kidnapped, raped, tortured and some even end up being killed. Its very eye opening when you find out about these types of things because we never hear about these issues. Children in India are also facingRead MoreArab Women Experience Discrimination1317 Words   |  5 PagesArab women are always being criticized by other societies as if they are slaves or servants. Actually, this perspective does not prevail on all Arab women as it depends on their social class and their level of education too. It is true that a high percentage of Arab women are treated by men or by their countries’ government with inequality, unlike men. I completely agree that some of them are experiencing discrimination, although few improvements had occurred sin ce the past decades. Some of thisRead MoreIn the mid-1800s to early 1900, females had it difficult. There was a big differentiation in the1000 Words   |  4 Pagesexceptions. Women were not permitted to vote until 1920. They were always considered as a support and company only. But now time has changed drastically where many values, thoughts, and beliefs, which were once obligatory, have now been thrown out of the window. Women struggled hard and extensively over the years to earn the respect they have these days. Through fights, failure, pain, they reached their purpose of individuality and freedom. After all this, women’s right has been shown. Women’s rights are

Tragic Hero Free Essays

Arthur Pendragon; Fit For A King? Arthur was crowned king not only at a young age but also completely unexpectedly. Arthur did not ask to be king, he was still a child and did not feel he was worthy of such a position. Arthur’s lack of confidence and trust in himself defines him as a king and his ability to rule. We will write a custom essay sample on Tragic Hero or any similar topic only for you Order Now Arthur’s dependency on others proves to be King Arthur’s tragic flaw. As a child Arthur was brought up as Sir Kay, his foster brother’s, Squire. He grew up serving to others demands, it was never necessary for him to make his own decisions. Arthur just did what he was told and tried to please Sir Kay. This flaw first appears in the book The Sword and the Circle, Sir Kay tried to take credit for pulling the sword out of the stone when in reality Arthur had been the one to retrieve it. Sir Kay took all the glory and was going to allow him to be unjustly crowned. Arthur did not speak up or question Kay’s story; He did not receive the credit he deserved until Sir Kay admitted to not being the one to have relinquished the sword. Even after Arthur was appointed king he did not make decisions on his own. He had Merlin by his side to help him. When Merlin left King Arthur to rule on his own Arthur did not know what to do. He was left in a state of uncertainty and fell into what seemed like depression. Also In the book The Sword and the Circle, Arthur discovers the love affair between Lancelot and his wife, Guinevere, and punishes them both but Lancelot ends up rescuing Guinevere. Sir Lancelot asks for King Arthur’s forgiveness and as much as Arthur would like to Gawain will not allow him to accept the apology. Later Sir Mordred and Sir Gawain convince Arthur to go to war against Lancelot. This leads to the splitting of the Knights of the Round Table and the battle between Sir Mordred and King Arthur, which eventually lead to King Arthur’s death. If Arthur had stood by his decision and was not so easily convinced by Gawain the battle could have been avoided and Arthur could have changed the course of his and his kingdom’s fate. On many other accounts King Arthur’s decisions depended on the influence of others, this being one of his tragic flaws can be held accountable for the downfall of King Arthur and his Kingdom. Although technically Arthur was born to be king he did not possess the attributes to be one. He had to compensate in other ways to make up for his weakness, but overall this personality fluke immobilizes Arthur from becoming the great king he had the potential to be. How to cite Tragic Hero, Papers Tragic Hero Free Essays * Macbeth as a tragic hero: Discuss In Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Macbeth who is the main character is a tragic hero that suffers from Hamartia which is ambition in Macbeth’s character and that leads him to his downfall, A tragic hero character according to Aristotle must be moral, have virtues and suffers from Hamartia which is a flaw in character that eventually leads to his defeat and downfall at the end of the play. Macbeth is a great person who was a brave warrior in addition a great leader who won several wars for his king as the dramatist shows him in the first pages of the play. Macbeth is great physically and morally, in one hand his physical skills achieved in the battle scenes as the dramatist shows him as a brave warrior who always achieve victory to his country besides he was called ‘’ Brave Macbeth’’ and ‘’ Belladonna’s bride groom’’, in the other hand Duncan his king well-likes, trusts and respects him because of his moral greatness and kindness and that’s what makes his wife Lady Macbeth affirmed that he is morally great when she says ‘’ he is the too full of the milk of human kinds’’. We will write a custom essay sample on Tragic Hero or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ambition is the tragic flaw / Hamartia of Macbeth which leads to his defeat; he was affected by the prophecies of the three witches. However the first prophecy of the three witches fulfilled and that Macbeth will be the Thane of Cawdor this was the first step for Macbeth to be ambition to the idea of becoming a king. Here begins the evil side of Macbeth to show as he changes from being a noble man to evil one, he has virtues and morals at the beginning of the play and he was honourable man who was respected and admired by his king and then he became an evil man who want to do anything just to take the crown for himself and be the king instead of Duncan, this clarify that he is aware of what he has done and he committed the tragic mistake opened eyed. In addition his wife Lady Macbeth was very interested in becoming a Queen so she starts to encourages and convinces him to decide upon a solution which can makes them be a King and Queen, she succeed in convincing him that his fate is to be the king, which made him kill the king Duncan, that shows the character of Lady Macbeth as a very ambition woman who was determine that Macbeth must be the king. After Macbeth committed the first crime of killing the kind Duncan Macbeth’s character begin to overthrow and he starts to become upset from the idea that he become a murderer and he begin to say that all he water in the world cannot wash Duncan blood of his hands, this shows that he starts to realize the guilt that has been done by him and the crime affected him that he starts to imagine Duncan’s murder scene over and over which shows the reversal of his character and that he didn’t care about the consequences of the crime at the beginning but now he realize what heà ¢â‚¬â„¢s done was terrible, besides after he killed Banquo half of him wishes that he had never done the murders and the other half tells him that he already committed the crimes and he cannot go back and what’s done cannot be undone. How to cite Tragic Hero, Papers

Character Of Malvolio In Twelfth Night Essay Example For Students

Character Of Malvolio In Twelfth Night Essay In William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night we encounter several interesting characters. The character I found to be most interesting and most different from the others was Malvolio. Malvolio is the servant of Olivia. Although he belongs to the servant class, he believes strongly that he is better than the individuals that he serves. Malvolio often takes it upon himself to try to discipline others when Olivia is not around. For example he even takes it upon himself to discipline Sir Toby, his social superior. Malvolio appears to be a dedicated worker. Most of the time Olivia seems to appreciate the solemn dignity with which he carries out his duties, however, the others find him arrogant and regard him as an enemy. Malvolio, like Rosalind in As You Like It is in disguise. He pretends to be a Puritan. He dresses in black and never laughs. Throughout the movie we never see a smile on his face. This however, is merely a disguise that he assumes, that allows him to criticize others. Un der his black garments, lies a heart filled with vanity. He often daydreams that Olivia will marry him and as a result he will become her equal. He imagines himself wearing fine clothes and jewelry. He would then have command of the household, and he would then be able to get revenge on those who haven’t treated him respectfully. I find it ironic that Malvolio is more successful at fooling himself than he is at deceiving others. The other members of the household see through Malvolio’s hypocritical nature. Even Olivia, who seems to value Malvolio as a servant, says he is â€Å"sick of self love†, Act 1, Scene I, line 92). Though others can see through him, Malvolio fools himself completely. Maria says, he believes that â€Å"all that look on him love him†(Act II, sc.iii, l.152). He is sure that some accident of luck has caused a man as fine as him to be born a servant rather than a master. He believes that fortune will eventually correct that mistake. Mal volios self deception makes him the perfect target for Maria and Sir Tobys joke. Marias letter is only able to convince him that Olivia loves him because thats what he wants to believe. When the letter tells him to act proud and haughty, it only gives him permission to show how he already feels. His own pride causes him to act as foolishly as he does. Malvolios real downfall however, is not caused by foolishness. Nearly everybody in this play is foolish at one time or another. Unlike the others, however, Malvolio simply cannot laugh at himself, cannot recognize his faults. Therefore, he has no part in the healing that occurs at the end of the play. While the others are all laughing at themselves and forgiving each other, Malvolio clings to his anger. When he makes his final exit, he vows to take revenge on everybody. In Conclusion, from viewing the play I had a better understanding of the plot. I did however notice when trying to follow the movie with the play itself, that it was a little off. They first scene in the play is not acted until ten minutes into the movie. In the beginning of the play I felt like I was watching a remake of Titanic because everyone was jumping into the water. I also noticed that while I understood the purpose of Viola’s disguise, she didn’t look too masculine to me. I thought the power struggle between Malvolio and Sir Toby was very entertaining. It was portrayed in a light, flimsy manner. Overall the film wasn’t too bad to watch and I thought Helene Bonham Carter was fabulous in her role as Olivia. Shakespeare Essays

The Pearl Notes Chapter 1 Essays - The Pearl, Kino, Metropolis

The Pearl Notes: Chapter 1 1. Kino and Juana live in a lower class society, where many things would become village affairs, and the family was extremely important. When Coyotito was stung by a scorpion and Kino and Juana went to the doctor, most of the village followed them. The family was proven to be important because it was all Kino and Juana had. The poverty was obvious, because, when Kino had to save his son, all he had were a few worthless pearls. 2. In the morning when Kino awakens, he heard the "Song of the Family." This was caused by the fact that Kino knew his life, with his family, was whole. Another song Kino hears is the "Song of Evil," or the music of the enemy. This was first caused by the scorpion that stung Coyotito, and was later caused when Kino thought about the doctor and his people who hurt Kino's people. Finally, the song was again caused by the doctors refusal to treat Coyotito. In Chapter Two Kino hears the "Song of the Pearl that Might Be," which was a song of hope for Kino and his family. This happened whenever Kino went diving. 3. The ants Kino watched where struggling to get out of a trap. Kino did nothing to help or hurt them, as they where part of the "Song of the Family" and were natural. In chapter one it could be said that Kino and Juana where trying to get out of the trap that they were living in, which was characterized by the fact that the doctor and his people were in control, and would not help Kino or his people, therefore laying the trap that luck alone determined wether on of Kino's people lived to adulthood or not. 5. Kino was a man who was typical of his breed. He would go straight through a problem, attacking it directly. He cared much for his wife and son, but was very stubborn. As described, he was sold in his colors. He had no grey areas, only black and white. His love of his family was white, his stubbornness black. Neither would bend. Juana was a loving, strong, and disgustingly obedient. She would probably made a better family head, but Kino's ego would not allow it. Should was not influenced by pride, and tried to go around problems rather than through them. 6. Since the Europeans treated the Indians "like animals" the doctors statement about himself and his medical practice was predictable. His statement was also an example of irony. It really meant he was at home and did not consider Coyotito's life worth saving, as his opinion of Indians was that they were subhuman. 7. The doctor was a stout and considerably rich man, who had no self respect, as no self-respecting human being could turn away a person like he did. He wanted to go back to Paris, eat in restaurants, and have a mistress. In my opinion the doctor is in fact more uncivilized, or at least more evil, than any of Kino's people, because he had the power to help them, yet did not. 8. The brush houses were weaker, but natural, while the plaster houses were unnatural, but more secure. The people who lived in the brush houses were poor, but considered themselves civilized, while the people who lived in the plaster houses were safer, but considered the Indians uncivilized. I conclude from this that the people who lived in plaster houses considered nature uncivilized, while the Indians considered it a way of life.

ESL Beginner Reading Comprehension Cooking Dialogue

ESL Beginner Reading Comprehension Cooking Dialogue In this dialogue, you will practice speaking about daily routines by focusing on cooking. Notice that the present simple is used to speak about daily routines. Adverbs of frequency tell us how often we do something and include usually, sometimes, never, etc.. Practice the dialogue with your partner and then interview each other about how you do certain tasks you enjoy. Cooking (At a friends house) Carol: This is a lovely house!Martha: Thank you. Carol, we call it home. Carol: Its very close to work, isnt it?Martha: Yes, it is. I always walk to work - even when it rains! Carol: I usually take the bus. It takes so long!Martha: How long does it take? Carol: Oh, it takes about 20 minutes.Martha: That is a long time. Well, have some cake. Carol: (taking a bite of some cake) this is delicious! Do you bake all of your own cakes?Martha: Yes, I usually bake something at the weekend. I like having sweets in the house. Carol: Youre a wonderful cook!Martha: Thank you, its nothing really. Carol: I never cook. Im just hopeless. My husband, David, usually does all the cooking.Martha: Do you often go out to eat? Carol: Yes, when he doesnt have time to cook, we go out to eat somewhere.Martha: There are some wonderful restaurants in the city. Carol: Too many! You can eat at a different restaurant every day. Monday - Chinese, Tuesday - Italian, Wednesday - Mexican, on and on ... Check your understanding with this multiple choice comprehension quiz. More Dialogue Practice - Includes level and target structures/language functions for each dialogue.

Problem Solving Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Problem Solving - Assignment Example As if to compound the matters, I started getting very simple tasks, which befit only the beginners and not people with fair bit of experience like me. As a matter of fact, my co-workers started to consider this as a form of unofficial demotion in my position, and all this was highly painful for me, to say the least. Here, I need to add that, my boss is a kind of person who seldom does directly highlight any errors or shortcomings of the employees. On the contrary, he expects them to be wise enough to identify the flaws, by themselves. And all the circumstances strongly suggested that, it was now my turn to run the extra mile in tracing both the error, and also the reason leading to it. At that juncture, it was of paramount relevance for me to be able to specifically pinpoint the exact issue that brought about these unpleasant circumstances. I began an intense mental exercise and consequently, I got aware of the exact date from which my boss’s approach towards me started to be indifferent. Immediately, I began a very careful and meticulous study of the two documents having the tasks completed by me, one pertaining to the above date and the other one to the previous day. A careful study ensured that there were no errors in the first document. But a similar mode of study of the second one made me realize that there was indeed a major error, the likes of which do not befit a professional of my experience. It was a rather major flaw, and in fact, I was surprised that my name is still not removed from the company’s rolls! Then, it became my bound obligation to undo the damage caused by me, and that too as swiftly as possible, so that I could regain the pri or image of a committed worker. And it was here that I decided to adopt the strategy of means – end analysis in minimizing the damage. â€Å"The means – end analysis is a pattern of tackling various problems, by

Solution-Focused and Narrative Therapies Assignment

Solution-Focused and Narrative Therapies - Assignment Example According to Nichols (2013), one of the roles of a therapist using Solution-Focused Therapy model involves interrogation of clients about their lives. The focus of such interrogation should limit at the intention of enabling clients to see and realize positive sides of their situation. Therapists have to ensure that their sequence of interrogation have the capability making clients identify and wish to try alternative solutions to the problems faced. Nichols (2013) adds that Solution-Focused therapists believe that clients seeking treatment are resourceful and resilient. This means that clients have unlimited options and abilities to solve their problems even without seeking for therapists’ help. The only impedance against realization and practicing of the option is negative perception and view of given problems. Such perceptions are what make clients insist on single strategies to resolve problems despite them being ineffective. Here, the role of therapists is to empower and persuade clients to explore their resourcefulness and resilience through series of questions and discussions that avoid indulgence on the problems faced. Therapists only guide the process but do not lead in identifying change and solutions to their problems. Just as demonstrated under Solution-Focused Therapy model, therapists applying Narrative Therapy also have certain roles to play during treatment. One of the roles played by therapists applying Narrative Therapy is to initiate clients into telling stories about their pasts. This helps therapists to analyze the whole life experiences of clients and identify elements that could be maintaining problems. Another role of therapists in Narrative Therapy is to help clients overcome indoctrination into self-defeating views and narrow views about selves. In some instances, it becomes necessary for Solution-Focused therapists to mobilize resources for clients.  

Admission Essay To Athabasca University - Master of Arts

Admission To Athabasca University - Master of Arts - Essay Example Another reason I am applying for this integrated program is the kind of teachings the students are offered. The students in the program are taught to reason and think critically, holistically, and reflectively and to give much focus on the points of overlap and articulations between the generalized and specialized knowledge. Furthermore, I believe that exposure of the students to a wide variety of interdisciplinary methods and disciplines will prepare me to envisage and look for innovative solutions to different problems in my area of expertise. Similarly, another propelling reason for my application to this degree course is the belief that the degree will teach me to contextualize and situate practices and knowledge on a wide intellectual continuum which integrates methods, practices and theories of humanities, arts and social sciences. As an educator, this is significant for me in my profession as I will be able to apply what I have learnt in practice. Another primary reason why I chose to apply for the integrated course at Athabasca University is sufficient and adequate cost of education compared to other universities. Furthermore, the assigned texts and reading files are very informative and relevant. From the university newsletter and website, I learnt that the instructors are competent, qualified and responsive to the academic needs of the students. I believe this will be helpful for me during my studies. I have high expectations on what I want to achieve after going through the integrated program in Athabasca University. From the degree program, I want to join one of the top institutions in the country and do a profession that will provide adequate resources for my family. Furthermore, I aim to do exceptional coursework that I will be proud of always. Moreover, I have great hope and belief to innovate an idea or solution that will bring

Load Calculation Voltage Drop And Size Cable

Load Calculation Voltage Drop And Size Cable Before wiring installation process is carried out, it must follow the rules of Malaysia 1994. which requires all wiring, additional wiring or rewiring to carried out by Electrical Contractor or Electrical Wiring Unit require approval writing from the licensee or supply authority. Wireman or Contractor need to plan and indentify the work want to carried out, so that work can be more clean, tidy and safe to uses. the wireman or contractor should: Make a site visit Follow the guideline regulation from JKR identifies the user load requirement calculate the maximum demand and total connected load determine the equipment submit plants, drawings and specifications 2.0 Regulation and Nominal Voltage in Malaysia 2.1 The Regulation Electricity supplied to domestic consumers must be follow standard specification, which are: MS MSIEC International Electro technical Commission, IEC British Standard , BS the current British standard has integrated with the European standard, BSEN European Standard, EN Electricity supplied also need to refer akta bekalan elektrik years 1990. This act is to provide for the investing of property and liabilities of the lembaga letrik negara in a each company, to make financial arrangement for that company, to provide for matters relating to employee and for other matters connected therewith Guidance notes for wiring regulation can refer IEE wiring regulation by Brian reference for all contractors, technicians and other professionals working in a non- supervisory capacity, as well as newcomers to the industry, all of whom are involved in inspecting and testing electrical installations, and need to ensure their work complies with the latest version of the Wiring Regulations. The installation on equipment and so on need to follow regulation from JKR such as : L-S1 : Specification for low voltage internal electrical installation system L-S2 : Specification for low voltage automatic power factor correction L-S3 : Specification for low voltage underground cable L-S4 : Specification for low voltage overhead line distribution L-S5 : Specification for three phase generator set L-S6 : Specification for acoustic treatment for generator room L-S7 : Specification for single phase diesel generator set L-S8 : Specification for lightning protection system( using stranded G.I wires) L-S9 : Specification for lightning protection system for structures 2.2 Nominal Voltage in Malaysia The official mains power voltage is AC 230 V with the tolerance of +10%,- 6%. However, the supplied voltage remains at 240 V, as the supplied voltage is within the allowed tolerance. Areas that rely on private power companies, like some parts of Penang and Kedah, receive a true 230 V supply. Remote villages which rely on off-grid localized diesel generators (i.e. small villages and/or isolated holiday resorts on islands too far away from the mainland to have viable underwater cabling) may receive unstable power with higher voltages, with some areas recorded to be as high as 260 V Before this, the rated voltage in Malaysia is 240/415V with range +5% to -10%, and effective in January 2008 the rated change to 230/415V with range +10% to -6% 3.0 Load Calculation Each design want to be made need go through the process of load calculation, where the process is calculated from distribution board(DB), sub-switch board(SSB) and main switch board(MSB) A distribution board is a panel or enclosure that houses the fuses, circuit breakers, and ground leakage protection units used to distribute electrical power to numerous individual circuits or consumer points. The board typically has a single incoming power source and includes a main circuit breaker and a residual current or earth leakage protection device. A distribution board may be used to distribute either single or three phase supplies depending on the installation specifics. Although distribution board equipment, layouts, and legislative requirements differ from country to country, the basic principles of distributing a single supply to various individual points while ensuring safety and control for each remains the same. sub-switchboard function is same as distribution board, but MSB is MSB is an assembly of distribution panels, each of which contains switches and breakers that allow electricity to be redirected to appropriate loads. The role of MSB is to divide the main curre nt provided to the switchboard into smaller loads for further distribution and to provide switching, over-current protection and metering for these various loads. 3.1 Type of load Electrical load types fall into four categories: resistive, capacitive, inductive or a combination of these. Few loads are purely resistive, capacitive or inductive. The imperfect nature of how electrical and electronic devices are built causes inductance, capacitance and resistance to be an inherent part of many devices. 3.1.1 Resistive Loads A resistor is a device that resists the flow of electricity. In doing so, some of the electrical energy is dissipated as heat. Two common resistive loads are incandescent light bulbs and electric heaters. Resistance (R) is measured in ohms. An incandescent light bulb produces light by passing an electric current through a filament in a vacuum. The resistance of the filament causes it to heat up and the electrical energy is converted to light energy. Electric heaters work in the same way except they produce little, if any, light. The electrical current and the voltage in a resistive load are said to be in phase with each other. As voltage rises or falls, the current also rises and falls with it. 3.1.2 Capacitive Loads A capacitor stores electrical energy. Two conductive surfaces are separated by a non-conductive insulator. When an electrical current is applied to a capacitor, electrons from the current gather on the plate attached to the terminal to which the electric current is applied. When the current is removed, the electrons will to flow back through the circuit to reach the other terminal of the capacitor. Capacitors are used in electric motors, radio circuits, power supplies and many other circuits. The capability of a capacitor to store electrical energy is called capacitance (C). The main unit of measure is the farad, but most capacitors are measured in microfarads. The current leads the voltage of a capacitor. The voltage across the terminals starts out at zero volts while the current is at its maximum. As the charge builds on the capacitors plate, the voltage rises and the current falls. As a capacitor discharges, the current rises as the voltage falls. 3.1.3 Inductive Loads An inductor may be any conductive material. When a changing current passes through an inductor, it induces a magnetic field around itself. Turning the inductor into a coil increases the magnetic field. A similar principal occurs when a conductor is placed within a changing magnetic field. The magnetic field induces an electrical current within the conductor. Inductance (L) is measured in henries. The changing voltage and current in an inductor are out of phase. As current rises to a maximum, the voltage falls. 3.1.4 Combination Loads All conductors have some resistance under normal conditions and also exhibit inductive and capacitive influences, but these small influences are generally dismissed for practical purposes. Other loads make use of various combinations of inductors, capacitors and resistors to perform specific functions. The tuning circuit of a radio uses variable inductors or capacitors in combination with a resistor to filter out a range of frequencies while allowing just one narrow band to pass through to the rest of the circuit. A cathode ray tube in a monitor or television makes use of inductors, resistors and the inherent capacitance of the tube to control and display a picture on the phosphor coatings of the tube. Single phase motors often use capacitors to aid the motor during starting and running. The start capacitor provides an additional phase of voltage to the motor since it shifts the current and voltage out of phase with each other. 3.2 Total Connected Load(TCL) and Maximum Demand(MD) One of the most calculation basic electrical calculation is to calculate the total connected load(TCL) and maximum demand(MD) The TCL is the mechanical and electrical load that will be connected for that particular area, where all of the electrical loads in an installation be maximized and simultaneously, The MD is the total kW that actually contributes the total power used in one time after applying the diversity factor based on the Total Connected Load calculated. It less than or equal to the connected load (TCL). Value of maximum demand of a building and ratio of diversity factor must be determined so as not overdesigned or under designed. By using MD also, many cost can be reduced as cable size, the size of the breaker, busbar size etc By calculating the TCL, it can know the total load connected for a particular area and also can determine the sizing of cables. But, the most important thing is by having the TCL, it can determine the MD. This MD will be declared to the utility provider for the purpose of meter deposit and utility bill 3.2.1 Diversity Factor (DF) Diversity factor is different or ratio between MD and TCL. the equation can relate MD, TCL to DF is : MD = TCL x DF Should be reminded, to determined DF normally it can not be precisely determined. DF value is only an approximate value only based on the guidance or previous data. The diversity factor is almost always greater than 1 since all components would have to be on at simultaneously at full load for it to be one. 3.2.2 Increase Burden After MD known then it should be added 20% at DB and 30% in SSB or MSB to determine the size of the incoming breaker. This is because taking into account the increase in the load in the future. it is known as increase burden. The specification percent of increase burden: Distribution Board School: MD + 20% Office : TCL Hospital : TCL + 20% Sub Switchboard and Main Switchboard MD + 30% 3.3 Circuit Breaker To provided adequate over current protection, each circuit should be equipped with a circuit breaker for automatic interruption of supply in the event of overload current and fault current. the circuit breaker installed in a circuit should break any fault current flowing in the circuit breaker before such current causes danger due to thermal or mechanical effect produced in the circuit or the associated connection. the characteristics of the breaker shall satisfy the condition that the breaking capacity should be greater than or equal to the prospective short circuit current or earth fault current at the point at which the breaker installed The rated current of a circuit breaker is the current that it can carry continuously, generally for a duration of more than eight hours. The rated current must not cause a temperature is between -5C to 40C. Different temperature rise limits are specified for different parts of a circuit breaker. A circuit breaker will not operate (Trip) if the current passing through it is 105% to 113% of its rated current. It will take one or two hours to trip if the current passing through it is 130% to 145% of the rated current. 3.4 Type of Circuit Breaker need to be determined 3.4.1 Miniature Circuit Breaker(MCB) MCB are used extensively for the protection of final circuit in domestic and commercial installations. they offer these circuit protection, particularly when overload or short circuit conditions are being considered than the fuse alternatives. MCBs are available for both single phase and three phase circuit. In a single phase circuit, a single MCB may be used in the live conductor or a two-pole MCB connected in the live and natural conductor. three or four pole MCBs are used for protection in three phase supplies. If a fault current flow through even one pole of an MCB, all the three poles will be operated. The main standard for MCBs in BS 3871. This standard covers MCB ratings up to 100A, breaking capacities up to 9 kA and voltage ratings up to 415V The preferred value of the rated current are : 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100, and 125A Instead of specifying the breaking capacity, the standard specifies the value of the short circuit capacity. the short circuit capacity refers to the prospective current expressed by its r.m.s value which the MCB is designed to make (closed), to carry for its operating time and to break under the specified conditions. the standard value of rated short circuit are 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6 and 10kA. for values above 10kA up to and including 25kA, the preferred value 20kA 3.4.2 Moulded Case Circuit Breaker(MCCB) Moulded case circuit breaker(MCCB) are required for installation which have higher fault level or higher current ratings exceeding 125A. MCCBs have several advantages over ordinary switches and fuses in the control and protection of circuit and apparatus. they have a repeatable non-destructive performance and are safe in operation under fault conditions. it has built-in mechanism to simultaneously open all three phases for a single phase fault. These circuit breaker are mainly used to protect main feeder cables, for incoming supply to sub circuit/distribution boards and for large motor circuit. for installation, MCCBs are suitable as free standing units, or for building into compact cubic-type switchboards. Auxiliary items such as shunt trio elements, status switches, interlocks and motor-operated mechanism for remote operating can all be integrated into the MCCB. The main industrial standard for MCCBs are BS EN 60947-1 and BS EN 60947-2. these two standard define the characteristics, conditions for operation, methods for testing and the requirements for circuit breaker with rated voltages up to and including 1000V a.c or 1500 d.c. As there are no other standard values specified in BS EN 60947, the followings are some typical technical data for reference : Current rating : 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 50, 63, : 80, 100, 200, 300, 400, : 630, 800, 1250A Rated voltage : 380, 400, 415V Rated breaking capacity : 10, 20, 25, 35, 65, : 85kA(r.m.s) Rated making capacity : 17, 44, 53, 63, 84, : 143kA(peak) One minutes power frequency withstand voltage : 2.5kV 3.4.3 Residual Current-operated Circuit Breaker(RCCB) The Residual Current-operated Circuit Breaker(RCCB) are primarily designed to protect against indirect contact electric shock. The term indirect contact refers to the contact of the supply voltage indirectly through the touching of the exposed-conductive-part such as the metalic enclosures of electrical appliances, the metallic conduit, trunking or cable tray. These exposed-conductive-part are insulated from the live conductor and are connected to the earthing terminal and thus, should be at the earth potential. However, during an earth faults, as there is an earth fault current flowing from the love conductor through the exposed-conductive-part to the earth, the exposed metalwork may be at high potential relative to earth. touching the exposed- conductive-parts at this instance may cause an electric shock if its potential to earth exceeds 50V. Furthermore, id it is a high impedance earth fault, the magnitude of the earth fault current may not activate the overcurrent protective device. Thus, a current will continue to flow to earth, possibly generating heat and causing fire. RCCB is designed to detect such a residual current (ie. earth leakage current), to compare it to reference value and to open the protected circuit when the residual current exceeds this reference value. RCCBs are not designed to have a high breaking capacity and in fact, they have only a limited breaking capacity. They are therefore, not a replacement for other overcurrent protective devices which are designed to interrupt high fault current. There are four standard for RCCBs namely, BS4293, IEC 755, IEC 1008- 1 and Singapore standard SS 97. Based on IEC 1008, RCCBs are specified as follows: Preferred rated voltage : single phase, phase to neutral : 230V :three phase, three wire :400V : three phase, 4 wire : 400V Preferred rated current, IN :10, 13, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 63, 80, 100, 125A Rated residual operating current,IË„N : 0.006, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5A Standard value of residual non operating current : 0.5 IË„N minimum value of the rated making and breaking capacity :10 IN or 500A whichever is greater Rated condition short circuit current : 3, 4.5, 6, 10, 20kA Maximum break time : 0.3s for residual current equal to 0.5 IË„N : 0.15s for residual current equal to 20.5 IË„N : 0.04s for residual current equal to 50.5 IË„N 0.004s for residual current to 500A 4.0 Voltage Drop Voltage drop difference in voltage from one point in a current path to any other point in the same current path. Voltage drop is the result that happens to a voltage value when it meets with resistance in any current path while current is flowing, it only happens when flowing current meets resistance in a current path, the higher the value of current flowing, the higher the voltage drop across any conductor, connection, or contact in the current path. Based on Ohms law; it takes one volt to push one amp through one ohm of resistance. The location of a voltage drop in a parallel circuit determines the affect it will have on the loads that are in parallel. When a voltage drop occurs before, or ahead of the last parallel splice in a parallel circuit, it will provide less than source voltage to all loads in parallel beyond the last parallel splice. When a voltage drop occurs after the last parallel splice in a parallel circuit, the same value of voltage drop has an identical affect on the load in the affected branch whether it appears on the voltage feed side, or on the ground side of the branch load. When current flows through the cable, the voltage drop will result. This is based on a formula : V = I x R ; I = current flows through the cable R = Resistance of the cable Based on requirement of IEE wiring regulation 525-01-01. The voltage drop between the origin of the installation (usually the supply terminals) and terminals of the fixed current using equipment does not exceed 4% of the nominal voltage of the supply. The voltage drop for building must make sure it not more than 4% depend to nominal voltage, where : 4% of 1ÃŽÂ ¦ = 4% of 240 V = 9.6 Volt 4% of 3 ÃŽÂ ¦ = 4% of 415 V = 16.6 Volt The voltage drop for outside building, must not exceed 20V from nominal voltage 4.1 The Voltage Drop is Closely Related with Size of Cable Most circuits in a house do not have enough current or length to produce a high voltage drop. In the case of very long circuits, for example, connecting a home to a separate building on the same property, it may be necessary to increase the size of conductors over the minimum requirement for the circuit current rating. Heavily-loaded circuits may also require a cable size increase to meet voltage drop requirements in wiring regulations. Voltage drop and size cable can related with equation : VD Total of voltage drop Vd Voltage drop on cable mV/A/m In Rated current of breaker (A) L Length of Cable (meter) 5.0 Cable In electrical engineering cables are used to carry electric currents. Cables are the mean by which electrical energy is distributed from its source to its point of use. Copper wires in a cable may be bare, or they may be plated with a thin layer of another metal, most often tin but sometimes gold, silver or some other material. Tin, gold, and silver are much less prone to oxidation than copper, which may lengthen wire life, and makes soldering easier. http://www.electronicsteacher.com/direct-current/dc-metering-circuits/00376.png 5.1 Insulation The insulation surrounds each conductor to prevent direct contact between individual conductors and earth. Type of insulation will depends on the voltage, the operating temperature of the conductor and the mechanical and environmental condition affecting the cable during both installation and operation. Type of insulation material: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Rubber Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) Powdered mineral Oil impregnated paper tapes 5.2 Type of conductor PVC, PVC/PVC XLPE, XLPE/PVC (>25 mm2) PVC/SWA/PVC XLPE/SWA/PVC (>25 mm2) Fire Rated Cable MIMS (Mineral Insulated Mineral Sheathed Copper Conductor) MICC (Mineral Insulated Copper Clad Copper Conductor) 5.3 Installation method GI Conduit PVC Galvanised/H.D.G. Trunking PVC Hot Dipped Galvanised Perforated Cable Tray PVC/PVC, XLPE/PVC, PVC/SWA/PVC, XLPE/SWA/PVC Hot Dipped Galvanised Cable Ladder PVC/PVC, XLPE/PVC, PVC/SWA/PVC, XLPE/SWA/PVC 5.4 Cable type and selection The current carrying capacity of a cable must be sufficient to cater for the maximum sustained current which will normally flow through it. The insulation must be adequate to deal with the voltage of the system and must not be damaged by the heat produced by the current flow, high ambient temperature or by heat transferred. Cable selection therefore is primarily related to the size of the cable which will carry the required current without the temperature of the surrounding insulation rising above a critical level which will result in the breakdown of the insulation. 5.5 Current rating of cable The current rating of cable is determined by a number of factors: Ambient temperature Maximum allowable conductor temperature Conductor material insulation material Installation method 5.6 Determine the Size cable The proper sizing of an electrical (load bearing) cable is important to ensure that the cable can: Operate continuously under full load without being damaged Withstand the worst short circuits currents flowing through the cable Provide the load with a suitable voltage (and avoid excessive voltage drops) (optional) Ensure operation of protective devices during an earth fault Selected the size cable can base on : In à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ Ib Iz à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ In Iz à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ In à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ Ib * In rated current Iz rated current of cable Ib design current

The Disease Of Masturbation :: essays research papers

The Disease of Masturbation: Values and the concept of Disease by Engelhardt Englhardt's article The Disease Of Masturbation is an example of the ways in which values impact society's definition of disease. I agree that it is possible that science is being, or has been, limited by the values within society. For science to conclude that masturbation causes such aliments as blindness and epilepsy it appears evident that science is being misguided by values of the time. I believe that science also realizes that values play a part in research conducted, otherwise there would be no need for blind and double blind studies. Blind studies are used to help eliminate bias brought on by the experimenter or the test subject. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century masturbation was thought to produce the signs and symptoms of a dangerous disease: 'Disease is neither an objective entity nor a concept of a single definition, there is not, nor need be, one concept of disease (UWO, p.241).'; The problem with Englehardt's article is our health system is that of the biomedical model. The biomedical model does not recognize masturbation as a disease. It states that 'disease is a biological deviation from the norm that can be explained scientifically'; (Charland). Masturbation has not been proven to fit into either category. Masturbation may have been a deviation from the norm at one point in time, but I do not believe that it can be explained scientifically. Englehardt's article says that masturbation was the cause of such illnesses as blindness and vertigo. But how were these conclusions drawn? Were these conclusions scientific in nature or gathered according to the views and values of the times? Masturbation was turned into a disease, not with just somatic,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   but psychological dimensions. Tissot states that masturbating is even more debilitating than sex because of a loss of seminal fluid (1oz equals 40oz of blood). When seminal loss takes place in a position other than the recumbent position the effects are multiplied. Tissot successfully establishes that masturbation is associated with physical and mental maladies. Englehardt should stipulate how Tissot reaches this conclusion. There are also disagreements as to whether frequent sex is any different than masturbation. It is argued that the difference between masturbation and sex is the expenditure of nerve force that is compensated by the magnetism of the partner. Masturbation is worse because it is unnatural and therefore less satisfying.